Publikacje | Koło Badań Psychologicznych Experior

Milieu effects on the Dark Triad traits and their sex differences in 49 countries

Opublikowane w Personality and Individual Differences, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 3.004 (100 pkt. wg. MEiN)

Autorzy:
Peter K.Jonason, Stanisław K.Czerwiński, Francesca Tobaldo, Jano Ramos-Diaz, Mladen Adamovic, Byron G. Adams, Rahkman Ardi, Sergiu Bălțătescu,Yeow Siah Cha, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Sofián El-Astal, Katherine Gundolf, Tomislav Jukić, Emil Knezović, Kadi Liik, John Maltby, Agim Mamuti, Taciano L.Milfont, Rodrigo Moreta-Herrera, Joonha Park, Jarosław Piotrowski, Adil Samekin, Habib Tiliouine, Robert Tomšik, Charles Umeh, Kees van den Bos, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Anna Włodarczyk, Illia Yahiiaiev, Magdalena Żemojtel-Piotrowska, Constantine Sedikides

Streszczenie:

Most research on the development of personality traits like the Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) focuses on local effects like parenting style or attachment, but people live in a larger society that may set the stage for any local effects. Here we paired nation-level data on the traits from 49 nations with several milieu indicators (e.g., life expectancy, homicide rates) from three timepoints (and change among them) where the average participant (≈ 22yo) would have been a child (≈ 6yo), a pre-teen (≈ 11yo), and a teenager (≈ 16yo). Congruent with previous research, variance in narcissism was far more sensitive to variance in milieu conditions in general and across all three time points than variance in Machiavellianism or psychopathy. The milieu conditions differentiated the traits somewhat with income and education revealing negative correlations with narcissism, positive correlations with Machiavellianism, and null correlations with psychopathy. Sex differences in Machiavellianism and narcissism were correlated with homicide rates across the three timepoints. The evidence that changes in milieu conditions in ones’ past predicts the traits was erratic, but larger sex differences in the traits were associated with decreased life expectancies and homicide rates between childhood and pre-teens.

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How disgust predicts the adoption of mate shortage solutions

Opublikowane w Personality and Individual Differences, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 3.004 (100 pkt. wg. MEiN)

Autorzy:
Kaitlyn P. White, Stanisław K.Czerwiński, Rachel Mulhearn, Peter K. Jonason

Streszczenie: When people cannot find desirable mating prospects, they may abstain, lower their standards, or travel farther to solve this mate shortage. We examined people’s (N = 306) willingness to adopt these three solutions to mating shortages in relation to individual differences in disgust in men and women and for long-term and short-term partners. Those with more sexual disgust were more willing to abstain during a shortage of short-term mates and were less willing to lower their standards and to travel farther for short-term partners. Pathogen and moral disgust were associated with choosing to travel farther in the long-term contexts for men only. Our findings support the idea that how people evaluate costs and benefits in mating is expressed in their personality.

Słowa kluczowe: Mating decisions, Sex differences, Disgust, Risk-aversion, Relationships

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Can perseverance of effort become maladaptive? Study addiction moderates the relationship between this component of grit and well-being among music academy students

Opublikowane w Musicae Scientiae, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 3.182 (140 pkt. wg. MEiN)

Autorzy:
Stanisław Czerwiński, Rafał Lawendowski, Michał Kierzkowski, Paweł Atroszko

Streszczenie:Grit, defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, is investigated as a predictor of academic success and well-being. This trait may have special importance for musicians’ functioning as their lives revolve around practice routines and mastering their craft for years. However, there is a growing recognition that extreme perseverance may be maladaptive in some cases. Persistent overinvolvement in goal-oriented activities is related to compulsive overworking, conceptualized within the behavioral addiction framework as work and study addiction. A previous study showed that study addiction is relatively highly prevalent among young musicians and has a clearly negative effect on their functioning. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between grit, study addiction, and psychosocial functioning among music academy students. It was hypothesized that perseverance of effort is related to well-being, grade point average (GPA), and study addiction, and that it becomes maladaptive for individuals addicted to studying. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted among 213 music academy students in Poland. Perseverance of effort was positively related to GPA and study addiction. The relationships between perseverance of effort and self-rated general health, and between perseverance of effort and quality of life, were moderated by study addiction. The results suggest that grit may become maladaptive perseverance in the cases of individuals at risk of study addiction. Based on these findings, further investigations of grit among musicians, as well as further studies of the negative aspects of grit in general, are warranted. Implications for prevention and intervention programs are discussed.

Słowa kluczowe: academic performance, maladaptive perseverance, music education, workaholism, work addiction

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Comparing Students of Medical and Social Sciences in Terms of Self-Assessment of Perceived Stress, Quality of Life, and Personal Characteristics

Opublikowane w Frontiers in Psychology, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 2.990 (70 pkt. wg. MEiN)

Autorzy: Magda K. Wielewska, Julia M. Godzwon, Kacper Gargul, Emma Nawrocka, Kinga Konopka, Krzysztof Sobczak, Agata Rudnik , Agata Zdun-Ryzewska

Streszczenie:The aim of this study was to compare medical and social sciences students’ outcomes in terms of self-perceived stress, quality of life, and personality traits. We put particular emphasis on external and internal differences in students of specific fields–medicine, nursing, psychology, and pedagogy. In a survey, 1,783 students from Medical University of Gdańsk and University of Gdańsk participated in our study, of whom 1,223 were included in the final statistical analysis. All of them were evaluated using valid and reliable questionnaires–TIPI-PL, PSS-10, and a one-item scale of quality of life. Stress turned out to have a negative effect on quality of life, regardless of the type of field of study. Moreover, students from different fields varied in terms of personality factors: conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience, and emotional stability. In conclusion, many students regardless of their field suffer from high stress and report low quality of life, which potentially further affects their academic performance and social life.

Słowa kluczowe: mental health, academic performance, students, quality of life, personality

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Work Addiction and Work Engagement: a Network Approach to Cross-Cultural Data

Opublikowane w International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 3.836 (40 pkt. wg. MEiN)

Autorzy: Piotr Bereznowski, Aleksandra Bereznowska, Paweł A. Atroszko, Roman Konarski

Streszczenie:This study aimed to investigate direct relationships of work addiction symptoms with dimensions of work engagement. We used three samples in which work addiction was measured with the Bergen Work Addiction Scale and work engagement was measured with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. One sample comprised responses from working Norwegians (n₁ = 776), and two samples comprised responses from working Poles (n₂ = 719; n₃ = 715). We jointly estimated three networks using the fused graphic lasso method. Additionally, we estimated the stability of each network, node centrality, and node predictability and quantitatively compared all networks. The results showed that absorption and mood modification could constitute a bridge between work addiction and work engagement. It suggests that further investigation of properties of absorption and mood modification might be crucial for answering the question of how engaged workers become addicted to work.

Słowa kluczowe: Compulsive overworking, Network analysis, Network approach, Work addiction, Work engagement, Workaholism

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Lack of measurement invariance in a widely used Facebook addiction scale may thwart progress in research on social-network-use disorder: a cross-cultural study

Opublikowane w Computers in Human Behavior, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 6.829.
(140 pkt. wg. MEiN)

Autorzy: Paweł A. Atroszko, Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Fares Z. El Abiddine, Sadia Malik, Mohammed A. Mamun, Zahir Vally.

Streszczenie:The social-network-use disorder (SNUD) was recently proposed as a potentially useful diagnosis in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision category “other specified disorders due to addictive behaviors.” Problematic Facebook use is among the most often investigated types of SNUD. Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) is the most widely used measure of problematic Facebook use. However, little data support the scale’s measurement invariance across different cultural groups or age groups. The present study investigated the validity and measurement invariance of the BFAS across different countries, different age groups, and different cohorts. BFAS was administered alongside depression, anxiety, and stress measures in a total sample of 5470 university and high school students from three continents and five countries: Algeria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Poland, and the United Arab Emirates. The scale showed a lack of measurement invariance across different group comparisons. Patterns of error term correlations, factor loadings, reliability coefficients, relationships with criterion variables, as well as prevalence estimates differed in groups of interest. Lack of measurement invariance and consequently substantially different functioning of the scales across samples limits any cross-cultural comparisons and generalizability of studies’ results on problematic Facebook use. Potential causes of poor cross-cultural performance of BFAS and consequences for research on SNUD are discussed.

Słowa kluczowe: behavioral addiction, Facebook addiction, measurement invariance, social-network-use disorder, social networking sites addiction, validity

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Attitudes to AI among high school students: Understanding distrust towards humans will not help us understand distrust towards AI

Opublikowane w Personality and Individual Differences, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 3.004.
(100 pkt. wg. MEiN)

Autorzy: Klaudia T. Bochniarz, Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Artur Sawicki, Paweł A. Atroszko.

Streszczenie: This study aimed to examine how adolescents view artificial intelligence (AI) and its development and create a tool to measure cynical hostility towards AI. Previous studies showed people have mixed feelings about AI, yet interest in AI and its development grows. As AI is central to technological progress, creating a tool that measures the attitude towards it is necessary. Six hundred and fifty-nine high school students took part in the study. The results showed that Cynical Hostility Towards AI Scale (CHTAIS) is a valid and reliable measure and that cynical hostility towards AI is a separate construct from cynical hostility towards humans. The results showed that people are more distrustful of AI when it is perceived as more hostile and less governed by emotions. Cynical hostility towards AI may be a valuable construct, meriting further investigation and theoretical considerations.

Słowa kluczowe: Artificial intelligence, Attitudes towards AI, Big Five, Cynical hostility, Personality Scale Validity

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Measurement of shopping addiction and its relationship with personality traits and well-being among Polish undergraduate students

Opublikowane w Current Psychology, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 2,051.

Autorzy: Aleksandra Bereznowska, Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Paweł A. Atroszko.

Streszczenie: There is still a scarcity of studies showing the relative contribution of different personality characteristics differentiating various behavioral addictions within an integrated model. In comparison to other addictions, fairly little is known about the role of specific personality traits in compulsive shopping. In addition, few studies have investigated the unique contribution of shopping addiction in terms of explaining different facets of well-being above and beyond personality characteristics previously shown to be related to psychosocial functioning. The present study shows validation of the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) and a tentative integrated model of potential shopping addiction personality risk factors. BSAS was administered to 1156 Polish students. In addition, demographic variables, and personality traits (Big Five), self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived narcissism, loneliness, social anxiety, and well-being indicators were measured. BSAS had acceptable fit with the data and demonstrated good reliability. The investigated model showed that shopping addiction was related to higher extraversion, perceived narcissism, and social anxiety, and lower agreeableness and general self-efficacy. Woman and older participants scored higher on BSAS. Shopping addiction was further related to all facets of impaired well-being and explained worse general health, and decreased sleep quality above and beyond other variables in the model. The results support the notion that shopping addiction may have specific personality risk factors with low agreeableness as an outstanding characteristic. This has implications for the development of early prevention and intervention programs.

Słowa kluczowe: Personality, Scale, Shopping addiction, Social anxiety, Stress, Well-being.

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A solution for factorial validity testing of three-item scales: An example of tau-equivalent strict measurement invariance of three-item loneliness scale

Opublikowane w Current Psychology, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 2,051.

Autorzy: Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Paweł A. Atroszko.

Streszczenie: Ultra-short scales are increasingly popular in surveys. Congeneric model fit of a three-item scale cannot be tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) without additional assumptions because the number of degrees of freedom is equal to zero. A more rigorous tau-equivalent model, assuming equality of factor loadings can be tested instead. The objective of this study was to demonstrate this approach with an example of the psychometric study of the Polish version of the Three-Item Loneliness Scale (TILS), and to discuss the arising problems and possible solutions. There seems to be a high need for such analysis because currently, some properties of CFA make it an approach still predominant over Item Response Theory (IRT) models in the quality of life research. A sample of 3510 students completed TILS together with the questionnaires measuring a variety of indicators of well-being. The results provided evidence for a good fit of a tau-equivalent model. Furthermore, multi-group CFAs provided support for strict measurement invariance of this model. To the Authors’ knowledge, it is the first practical application of a tau-equivalent model to testing the factorial validity of an ultra-short scale and probably the first empirical case of tau-equivalent measurement invariance in psychological literature in general. TILS showed good criterion validity and satisfactory reliability. Unidimensionality of three-item scales can be examined with a tau-equivalent model that has some favorable psychometric properties. However, it might be exceedingly restrictive in certain practical cases. When developing a new short scale, it is recommended to maintain at least four items.

Słowa kluczowe: Loneliness, measurement invariance, quality of life, scale, tau-equivalence, validity.

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The majority of professionally active women diagnosed with eating disorders may be at risk of work addiction: an overlooked comorbidity

Autorzy: Paweł A. Atroszko, Weronika M. Mytlewska, Bartosz Atroszko

Streszczenie: Work addiction (WA) has been previously linked to several diseases and disorders, but there is scarce literature on its association with eating disorders (EDs). Both WA and EDs share similar etiological factors (notably rigid perfectionism) and clinical features. The aim of this study was to provide an initial overview of the literature on this potential comorbidity, and investigate the co-occurrence of EDs and WA, and their relationship with socio-demographic and work-related variables, health, and personality.

In a pen-and-pencil cross-sectional study, the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS), a question about a current or previous diagnosis of EDs and other mental disorders, personality questionnaires, and questions concerning demographic, health and work-related variables were administered to 723 Polish employees from various pro-fessions.

Six females (0.8%) and none of the males declared having been diagnosed with EDs, which is, to a large ex-tent, congruent with the expected prevalence in the general population. Five out of these six females (83%) reached the cut-off score for WA. Of all women who reached this cut-off, 5.5% reported EDs. All these women were in their twenties, not married, having no children, working in non-managerial positions, with body mass index (BMI) in the normal range or below. Preliminary comparisons with matched comparison groups were conducted.

These initial results suggest that WA may be highly prevalent among professionally active women diagnosed with EDs. Functioning of individuals with EDs in the workplace is a vastly understudied issue which merits more attention owing to high suicide risk and mortality due to health complications, particularly cardiovascular dis-ease (CVD), related to EDs and overworking, a significant prevalence of subclinical EDs in female populations (especially among youth), and a typically worse prognosis for EDs comorbid with other disorders. Both prob-lematic behaviors are related to denial, which suggests that these may be much more prevalent problems than current estimates indicate.

Słowa kluczowe: eating disorders; obsessive-compulsive personality disorder; study addiction; work addiction; workaholism

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