Attitudes to AI among high school students: Understanding distrust towards humans will not help us understand distrust towards AI

Opublikowane w Personality and Individual Differences, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 3.004.
(100 pkt. wg. MEiN)

Autorzy: Klaudia T. Bochniarz, Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Artur Sawicki, Paweł A. Atroszko.

Streszczenie: This study aimed to examine how adolescents view artificial intelligence (AI) and its development and create a tool to measure cynical hostility towards AI. Previous studies showed people have mixed feelings about AI, yet interest in AI and its development grows. As AI is central to technological progress, creating a tool that measures the attitude towards it is necessary. Six hundred and fifty-nine high school students took part in the study. The results showed that Cynical Hostility Towards AI Scale (CHTAIS) is a valid and reliable measure and that cynical hostility towards AI is a separate construct from cynical hostility towards humans. The results showed that people are more distrustful of AI when it is perceived as more hostile and less governed by emotions. Cynical hostility towards AI may be a valuable construct, meriting further investigation and theoretical considerations.

Słowa kluczowe: Artificial intelligence, Attitudes towards AI, Big Five, Cynical hostility, Personality Scale Validity

Czytaj dalej

Measurement of shopping addiction and its relationship with personality traits and well-being among Polish undergraduate students

Opublikowane w Current Psychology, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 2,051.

Autorzy: Aleksandra Bereznowska, Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Paweł A. Atroszko.

Streszczenie: There is still a scarcity of studies showing the relative contribution of different personality characteristics differentiating various behavioral addictions within an integrated model. In comparison to other addictions, fairly little is known about the role of specific personality traits in compulsive shopping. In addition, few studies have investigated the unique contribution of shopping addiction in terms of explaining different facets of well-being above and beyond personality characteristics previously shown to be related to psychosocial functioning. The present study shows validation of the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) and a tentative integrated model of potential shopping addiction personality risk factors. BSAS was administered to 1156 Polish students. In addition, demographic variables, and personality traits (Big Five), self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived narcissism, loneliness, social anxiety, and well-being indicators were measured. BSAS had acceptable fit with the data and demonstrated good reliability. The investigated model showed that shopping addiction was related to higher extraversion, perceived narcissism, and social anxiety, and lower agreeableness and general self-efficacy. Woman and older participants scored higher on BSAS. Shopping addiction was further related to all facets of impaired well-being and explained worse general health, and decreased sleep quality above and beyond other variables in the model. The results support the notion that shopping addiction may have specific personality risk factors with low agreeableness as an outstanding characteristic. This has implications for the development of early prevention and intervention programs.

Słowa kluczowe: Personality, Scale, Shopping addiction, Social anxiety, Stress, Well-being.

Czytaj dalej

A solution for factorial validity testing of three-item scales: An example of tau-equivalent strict measurement invariance of three-item loneliness scale

Opublikowane w Current Psychology, czasopiśmie z Impact Factor = 2,051.

Autorzy: Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Paweł A. Atroszko.

Streszczenie: Ultra-short scales are increasingly popular in surveys. Congeneric model fit of a three-item scale cannot be tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) without additional assumptions because the number of degrees of freedom is equal to zero. A more rigorous tau-equivalent model, assuming equality of factor loadings can be tested instead. The objective of this study was to demonstrate this approach with an example of the psychometric study of the Polish version of the Three-Item Loneliness Scale (TILS), and to discuss the arising problems and possible solutions. There seems to be a high need for such analysis because currently, some properties of CFA make it an approach still predominant over Item Response Theory (IRT) models in the quality of life research. A sample of 3510 students completed TILS together with the questionnaires measuring a variety of indicators of well-being. The results provided evidence for a good fit of a tau-equivalent model. Furthermore, multi-group CFAs provided support for strict measurement invariance of this model. To the Authors’ knowledge, it is the first practical application of a tau-equivalent model to testing the factorial validity of an ultra-short scale and probably the first empirical case of tau-equivalent measurement invariance in psychological literature in general. TILS showed good criterion validity and satisfactory reliability. Unidimensionality of three-item scales can be examined with a tau-equivalent model that has some favorable psychometric properties. However, it might be exceedingly restrictive in certain practical cases. When developing a new short scale, it is recommended to maintain at least four items.

Słowa kluczowe: Loneliness, measurement invariance, quality of life, scale, tau-equivalence, validity.

Czytaj dalej

The majority of professionally active women diagnosed with eating disorders may be at risk of work addiction: an overlooked comorbidity

Autorzy: Paweł A. Atroszko, Weronika M. Mytlewska, Bartosz Atroszko

Streszczenie: Work addiction (WA) has been previously linked to several diseases and disorders, but there is scarce literature on its association with eating disorders (EDs). Both WA and EDs share similar etiological factors (notably rigid perfectionism) and clinical features. The aim of this study was to provide an initial overview of the literature on this potential comorbidity, and investigate the co-occurrence of EDs and WA, and their relationship with socio-demographic and work-related variables, health, and personality.

In a pen-and-pencil cross-sectional study, the Bergen Work Addiction Scale (BWAS), a question about a current or previous diagnosis of EDs and other mental disorders, personality questionnaires, and questions concerning demographic, health and work-related variables were administered to 723 Polish employees from various pro-fessions.

Six females (0.8%) and none of the males declared having been diagnosed with EDs, which is, to a large ex-tent, congruent with the expected prevalence in the general population. Five out of these six females (83%) reached the cut-off score for WA. Of all women who reached this cut-off, 5.5% reported EDs. All these women were in their twenties, not married, having no children, working in non-managerial positions, with body mass index (BMI) in the normal range or below. Preliminary comparisons with matched comparison groups were conducted.

These initial results suggest that WA may be highly prevalent among professionally active women diagnosed with EDs. Functioning of individuals with EDs in the workplace is a vastly understudied issue which merits more attention owing to high suicide risk and mortality due to health complications, particularly cardiovascular dis-ease (CVD), related to EDs and overworking, a significant prevalence of subclinical EDs in female populations (especially among youth), and a typically worse prognosis for EDs comorbid with other disorders. Both prob-lematic behaviors are related to denial, which suggests that these may be much more prevalent problems than current estimates indicate.

Słowa kluczowe: eating disorders; obsessive-compulsive personality disorder; study addiction; work addiction; workaholism

Czytaj dalej

Factorial validity, measurement invariance and concurrent validity of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a sample of Polish undergraduate students

Autorzy: Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Julia J. Mackiewicz, Weronika M. Mytlewska, Paweł A. Atroszko

Streszczenie: With increasing levels of psychopathology observed in students in recent years, there is a clear need for short and valid tools for evaluating their psychological health. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is one of the most commonly used instruments measuring these constructs. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Polish version of HADS in a sample of undergraduate students.

A total of 1,032 students took part in the study. The students’ were from various universities, years of study, and study courses. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the model fit of the original 2-factor structure. A series of hierarchically nested models were tested to assess measurement invariance between genders. Pearson correlation coefficients of HADS scores with criterion variables were calculated. The prevalence of depression was estimated on the basis of an empirical cut-off score.

Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit of the Polish version of HADS, and strict measurement invariance between genders. Both anxiety and depression were related to higher levels of stress and lower sleep quality, social support and general quality of life. The prevalence of depression was estimated to be 7.6% or 21.2%, depending on the cut-off score used.

The study corroborates good psychometric properties of the original 2-factor structure of the Polish version of HADS in a student sample, including measurement invariance between genders. It is thus concluded that HADS is a valid tool for the short measurement of anxiety and depression among students.

Słowa kluczowe: anxiety, depression, measurement invariance, scale, validity

Czytaj dalej

Scores of short and free scale for Big Five explain perceived stress at different stages of life: validity, reliability and measurement invariance of the Polish adaptation of Mini-IPIP

Autorzy: Stanisław K. Czerwiński, Paweł A. Atroszko

Streszczenie: Big-Five personality traits are related to a variety of quality of life outcomes; therefore, they should arguably be controlled for whenever health and well-being are investigated. Valid and reliable short measures of these constructs may enable large scale epidemiological studies. Stress is a well-recognized risk factor for a host of health-related outcomes and its relationship with Big-Five personality is well-evidenced. The aim of this re-search was to investigate psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Mini-IPIP scale measuring Big Five personality factors. This included measurement invariance between genders and between two samples representing different stages of life – an employee sample and an adolescent sample – and investigating the relationships of Big Five personality traits with perceived stress.

Sample 1 comprised 723 employees from a wide range of professions and sample 2 comprised 765 high school students. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) was used in each sample.

The Mini-IPIP had an acceptable fit and reliability in both samples and showed measurement invariance be-tween samples and between genders within the samples. Big Five personality traits explained the variance in perceived stress similarly in both samples, and analogously to previous studies.

The present study shows that the Polish version is a valid and reliable psychometric tool and provides evidence that the relationship between personality and stress is relatively stable at different life stages, and can be effec-tively investigated with short measures.

Słowa kluczowe: Big Five; measurement invariance; psychometrics; quality of life; stress

Czytaj dalej

The relationship between study addiction and examination stress among students of music academies

Autorzy: Paweł A. Atroszko, Wiktor K. Wróbel, Piotr Bereznowski, Rafał Lawendowski

Streszczenie: Previous studies have shown that study addiction is related to worse academic performance among music academy students as well as in the general population of students, suggesting that excessive examination stress may impair their performance on exams. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the newly developed concept of “study addiction” and examination stress among students of music academies. Study addiction has been defined within the framework of theory and research on work addiction as a potential behavioral addiction. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted, with a sample of 132 students of music academies in Poland. The Bergen Study Addiction Scale, assessing seven core addiction symptoms related to studying, was administered together with a commonly used measure of personality and single-item measures of examination stress and learning engagement. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis showed that study addiction was related to higher examination stress above and beyond personality traits. What is more, while study addiction showed a positive relationship with examination stress, learning engagement showed a negative association with examination stress. The results suggest that, among music academies students, study addiction is related to higher stress during exams and that study addiction and learning engagement are different constructs. Taking into account the relationship of study addiction with higher stress in situations of being evaluated, future studies are warranted that would link study addiction to music performance anxiety, which is one of the most widely studied phenomena in the psychology of music.

Słowa kluczowe: musicians, examination stress, learning engagement, personality, study addiction, workaholism, work addiction

Czytaj dalej